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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Walter Gilbert</span></h1>
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<p><b>Walter Gilbert</b> (* <a href="21._M%C3%A4rz" title="21. März">21. März</a> <a href="1932" title="1932">1932</a> in <a href="Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>) ist ein <a href="Vereinigte_Staaten" title="Vereinigte Staaten">US-amerikanischer</a> <a href="Physiker" title="Physiker">Physiker</a> und <a href="Biochemie" title="Biochemie">Biochemiker</a>. Er gehört zu den Pionieren im Bereich der <a href="Molekularbiologie" title="Molekularbiologie">Molekularbiologie</a>. 1980 erhielt er gemeinsam mit <a href="Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a> und <a href="Paul_Berg" title="Paul Berg">Paul Berg</a> den <a href="Nobelpreis_f%C3%BCr_Chemie" title="Nobelpreis für Chemie">Nobelpreis für Chemie</a> für Methoden zur Bestimmung der <a href="Nukleotidsequenz" title="Nukleotidsequenz">Basensequenz</a> in <a href="Nukleins%C3%A4ure" class="mw-redirect" title="Nukleinsäure">Nukleinsäuren</a>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leben">Leben</h2></div>
<p>Walter Gilbert ist der Sohn einer Kinderpsychologin und eines Wirtschaftswissenschaftlers und studierte an der <a href="Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> mit dem <a href="Bachelor" title="Bachelor">Bachelor</a>-Abschluss in Chemie und Physik 1953 sowie dem <a href="Master" title="Master">Master</a>-Abschluss in Physik 1954. Danach ging er an die <a href="University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, an der er 1957 bei <a href="Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a> in theoretischer Physik promoviert wurde. Zurück in den USA ging er wieder nach Harvard, wo er Assistent von <a href="Julian_Schwinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Schwinger">Julian Schwinger</a> und 1959 <a href="Assistant_Professor" title="Assistant Professor">Assistant Professor</a> für Physik wurde. Anfang der 1960er Jahre wechselte er das Forschungsgebiet, wurde 1964 <a href="Associate_Professor" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate Professor">Associate Professor</a> für Biophysik und 1968 Professor für Biochemie in Harvard. 1972 wurde er dort <i>American Cancer Society Professor of Molecular Biology</i>.
</p><p>Er ist im Vorstand des <a href="Scripps_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripps Research Institute">Scripps Research Institute</a> und Vorsitzender der <i>Harvard Society of Fellows</i>. 1977 entwickelte er mit <a href="Allan_Maxam" title="Allan Maxam">Allan Maxam</a>, seinem Doktoranden, eine neue Methode zur <a href="DNA-Sequenzierung" title="DNA-Sequenzierung">DNA-Sequenzierung</a> (Maxam-Gilbert-Methode).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vor allem dafür erhielt er 1980 den Nobelpreis mit <a href="Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a>, der eine andere DNA-Sequenzierungsmethode entwickelte. Er war am Rennen um die erste gentechnische Herstellung von Insulin beteiligt, in dem aber <a href="Genentech" title="Genentech">Genentech</a> siegreich war.
</p><p>Gilbert propagierte die Existenz von <a href="Intron" title="Intron">Intronen</a> und <a href="Exon" title="Exon">Exonen</a> und führte 1978 die Namen Intron und Exon ein.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1986 stellte er die Hypothese vom RNA-Ursprung des Lebens (<a href="RNA-Welt-Hypothese" title="RNA-Welt-Hypothese">RNA-Welt-Hypothese</a>), älteren Ideen von <a href="Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Carl Woese</a> (1967) folgend.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Er war Mitgründer und jeweils erster Vorsitzender der Biotechnologie-Firmen Biogen und Myriad Genetics.
</p><p>Er war Mitglied der <i>Group for the Scientific Reappraisal of the <a href="HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>-<a href="Aids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aids">Aids</a> Hypothesis</i>, einer Gruppe von Wissenschaftlern und Wissenschaftlerinnen, die die virale Aids-Erklärung in Frage stellen (siehe auch <a href="AIDS-Leugnung" title="AIDS-Leugnung">AIDS-Leugnung</a>), hat jedoch auf Grund der Erfolge der antiviralen Therapie seine Meinung geändert. Außerdem hat er als erster die Ratten-Insulin-cDNA kloniert. 1978 baute er das Insulin-Gen von Ratten in das β-Lactamase-Gen des Bakteriums Escherichia coli ein und konnte gentechnisch Insulin herstellen.
</p><p>1968 wurde Gilbert mit dem <a href="National_Academy_of_Sciences_Award_in_Molecular_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Academy of Sciences Award in Molecular Biology">National Academy of Sciences Award in Molecular Biology</a> ausgezeichnet, 1977 mit dem <a href="Prix_Charles-L%C3%A9opold_Mayer" title="Prix Charles-Léopold Mayer">Prix Charles-Léopold Mayer</a>, 1979 mit dem <a href="Albert_Lasker_Award_for_Basic_Medical_Research" title="Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research">Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research</a> und einem <a href="Gairdner_Foundation_International_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Gairdner Foundation International Award">Gairdner Foundation International Award</a> und ebenfalls 1979 mit Louisa Gross Horvitz Preis (mit Frederick Sanger). Er erhielt den Prix Charles-Leopold Mayer der <a href="Acad%C3%A9mie_des_sciences" title="Académie des sciences">Académie des sciences</a>.
</p><p>1987 wurde er auswärtiges Mitglied der <a href="Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>. Er ist Mitglied der <a href="American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> (seit 1968) sowie der <a href="National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> (seit 1976), erhielt den <a href="Humboldt-Forschungspreis" title="Humboldt-Forschungspreis">Humboldt-Forschungspreis</a> und war <a href="Guggenheim-Stipendium" title="Guggenheim-Stipendium">Guggenheim Fellow</a> sowie Fellow der <a href="American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society">American Physical Society</a> (1998). 2002 erhielt er den <a href="Biotechnology_Heritage_Award" title="Biotechnology Heritage Award">Biotechnology Heritage Award</a>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Walter_Gilbert_(biochemist)?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Walter Gilbert</a></span></b>&nbsp;– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1980/summary/">Informationen</a> der <a href="Nobelpreis" title="Nobelpreis">Nobelstiftung</a> zur Preisverleihung 1980 an Walter Gilbert (englisch)<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></li>
<li>Michael Marshall: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20161026-the-secret-of-how-life-on-earth-began">The secret of how life on earth began</a>, auf: BBC – Earth, vom 31. Oktober 2016</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academictree.org/chemistry/peopleinfo.php?pid=37828">Informationen</a> zu und <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academictree.org/chemistry/tree.php?pid=37828">akademischer Stammbaum</a> von <i>Walter Gilbert</i> bei academictree.org<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilbert, Maxam <i>A new method for sequencing DNA</i>, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 74, 1977, 560–564.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Why genes in pieces</i>, Nature 271, 1978, S. 501.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Origin of life: The RNA world</i>, Nature 319, 1986, S. 618–618.</span>
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<div class="klappleiste-kopf"><a href="Liste_der_Nobelpreistr%C3%A4ger_f%C3%BCr_Chemie" title="Liste der Nobelpreisträger für Chemie">Träger des Nobelpreises für Chemie</a></div>
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<p>1901:&nbsp;<a href="Jacobus_Henricus_van_%E2%80%99t_Hoff" title="Jacobus Henricus van ’t Hoff">van ’t Hoff</a>&nbsp;|
1902:&nbsp;<a href="Emil_Fischer" title="Emil Fischer">E. Fischer</a>&nbsp;|
1903:&nbsp;<a href="Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Arrhenius</a>&nbsp;|
1904:&nbsp;<a href="William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">Ramsay</a>&nbsp;|
1905:&nbsp;<a href="Adolf_von_Baeyer" title="Adolf von Baeyer">von Baeyer</a>&nbsp;|
1906:&nbsp;<a href="Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan">Moissan</a>&nbsp;|
1907:&nbsp;<a href="Eduard_Buchner" title="Eduard Buchner">Buchner</a>&nbsp;|
1908:&nbsp;<a href="Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Rutherford</a>&nbsp;|
1909:&nbsp;<a href="Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Ostwald</a>&nbsp;|
1910:&nbsp;<a href="Otto_Wallach" title="Otto Wallach">Wallach</a>&nbsp;|
1911:&nbsp;<a href="Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Curie</a>&nbsp;|
1912:&nbsp;<a href="Victor_Grignard" title="Victor Grignard">Grignard</a>, <a href="Paul_Sabatier_(Chemiker)" title="Paul Sabatier (Chemiker)">Sabatier</a>&nbsp;|
1913:&nbsp;<a href="Alfred_Werner_(Chemiker)" title="Alfred Werner (Chemiker)">Werner</a>&nbsp;|
1914:&nbsp;<a href="Theodore_William_Richards" title="Theodore William Richards">Richards</a>&nbsp;|
1915:&nbsp;<a href="Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter" title="Richard Willstätter">Willstätter</a>&nbsp;|
1916–1917:&nbsp;<i>nicht verliehen</i>&nbsp;|
1918:&nbsp;<a href="Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Haber</a>&nbsp;|
1919:&nbsp;<i>nicht verliehen</i>&nbsp;|
1920:&nbsp;<a href="Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Nernst</a>&nbsp;|
1921:&nbsp;<a href="Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Soddy</a>&nbsp;|
1922:&nbsp;<a href="Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">Aston</a>&nbsp;|
1923:&nbsp;<a href="Fritz_Pregl" title="Fritz Pregl">Pregl</a>&nbsp;|
1924:&nbsp;<i>nicht verliehen</i>&nbsp;|
1925:&nbsp;<a href="Richard_Zsigmondy" title="Richard Zsigmondy">Zsigmondy</a>&nbsp;|
1926:&nbsp;<a href="The_Svedberg" title="The Svedberg">Svedberg</a>&nbsp;|
1927:&nbsp;<a href="Heinrich_Wieland" title="Heinrich Wieland">Wieland</a>&nbsp;|
1928:&nbsp;<a href="Adolf_Windaus" title="Adolf Windaus">Windaus</a>&nbsp;|
1929:&nbsp;<a href="Arthur_Harden" title="Arthur Harden">Harden</a>, <a href="Hans_von_Euler-Chelpin" title="Hans von Euler-Chelpin">von Euler-Chelpin</a>&nbsp;|
1930:&nbsp;<a href="Hans_Fischer_(Chemiker)" title="Hans Fischer (Chemiker)">H. Fischer</a>&nbsp;|
1931:&nbsp;<a href="Carl_Bosch" title="Carl Bosch">Bosch</a>, <a href="Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius">Bergius</a>&nbsp;|
1932:&nbsp;<a href="Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Langmuir</a>&nbsp;|
1933:&nbsp;<i>nicht verliehen</i>&nbsp;|
1934:&nbsp;<a href="Harold_C._Urey" title="Harold C. Urey">Urey</a>&nbsp;|
1935:&nbsp;<a href="Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">F. Joliot-Curie</a>, <a href="Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">I. Joliot-Curie</a>&nbsp;|
1936:&nbsp;<a href="Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Debye</a>&nbsp;|
1937:&nbsp;<a href="Walter_Norman_Haworth" title="Walter Norman Haworth">Haworth</a>, <a href="Paul_Karrer" title="Paul Karrer">Karrer</a>&nbsp;|
1938:&nbsp;<a href="Richard_Kuhn" title="Richard Kuhn">Kuhn</a>&nbsp;|
1939:&nbsp;<a href="Adolf_Butenandt" title="Adolf Butenandt">Butenandt</a>&nbsp;|
1940–1942:&nbsp;<i>nicht verliehen</i>&nbsp;|
1943:&nbsp;<a href="George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">de Hevesy</a>&nbsp;|
1944:&nbsp;<a href="Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Hahn</a>&nbsp;|
1945:&nbsp;<a href="Artturi_Ilmari_Virtanen" title="Artturi Ilmari Virtanen">Virtanen</a>&nbsp;|
1946:&nbsp;<a href="James_Batcheller_Sumner" title="James Batcheller Sumner">Sumner</a>, <a href="John_Howard_Northrop" title="John Howard Northrop">Northrop</a>, <a href="Wendell_Meredith_Stanley" title="Wendell Meredith Stanley">Stanley</a>&nbsp;|
1947:&nbsp;<a href="Robert_Robinson" title="Robert Robinson">Robinson</a>&nbsp;|
1948:&nbsp;<a href="Arne_Tiselius" title="Arne Tiselius">Tiselius</a>&nbsp;|
1949:&nbsp;<a href="William_Francis_Giauque" title="William Francis Giauque">Giauque</a>&nbsp;|
1950:&nbsp;<a href="Otto_Diels" title="Otto Diels">Diels</a>, <a href="Kurt_Alder" title="Kurt Alder">Alder</a>&nbsp;|
1951:&nbsp;<a href="Edwin_Mattison_McMillan" title="Edwin Mattison McMillan">McMillan</a>, <a href="Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Seaborg</a>&nbsp;|
1952:&nbsp;<a href="Archer_J._P._Martin" title="Archer J. P. Martin">Martin</a>, <a href="Richard_L._M._Synge" title="Richard L. M. Synge">Synge</a>&nbsp;|
1953:&nbsp;<a href="Hermann_Staudinger" title="Hermann Staudinger">Staudinger</a>&nbsp;|
1954:&nbsp;<a href="Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Pauling</a>&nbsp;|
1955:&nbsp;<a href="Vincent_du_Vigneaud" title="Vincent du Vigneaud">Vigneaud</a>&nbsp;|
1956:&nbsp;<a href="Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Hinshelwood</a>, <a href="Nikolai_Nikolajewitsch_Semjonow" title="Nikolai Nikolajewitsch Semjonow">Semjonow</a>&nbsp;|
1957:&nbsp;<a href="Alexander_Robertus_Todd" title="Alexander Robertus Todd">Todd</a>&nbsp;|
1958:&nbsp;<a href="Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Sanger</a>&nbsp;|
1959:&nbsp;<a href="Jaroslav_Heyrovsk%C3%BD" title="Jaroslav Heyrovský">Heyrovský</a>&nbsp;|
1960:&nbsp;<a href="Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Libby</a>&nbsp;|
1961:&nbsp;<a href="Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Calvin</a>&nbsp;|
1962:&nbsp;<a href="Max_Ferdinand_Perutz" title="Max Ferdinand Perutz">Perutz</a>, <a href="John_Cowdery_Kendrew" title="John Cowdery Kendrew">Kendrew</a>&nbsp;|
1963:&nbsp;<a href="Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler">Ziegler</a>, <a href="Giulio_Natta" title="Giulio Natta">Natta</a>&nbsp;|
1964:&nbsp;<a href="Dorothy_Crowfoot_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin">Hodgkin</a>&nbsp;|
1965:&nbsp;<a href="Robert_B._Woodward" title="Robert B. Woodward">Woodward</a>&nbsp;|
1966:&nbsp;<a href="Robert_Mulliken" title="Robert Mulliken">Mulliken</a>&nbsp;|
1967:&nbsp;<a href="Manfred_Eigen" title="Manfred Eigen">Eigen</a>, <a href="Ronald_George_Wreyford_Norrish" title="Ronald George Wreyford Norrish">Norrish</a>, <a href="George_Porter%2C_Baron_Porter_of_Luddenham" title="George Porter, Baron Porter of Luddenham">Porter</a>&nbsp;|
1968:&nbsp;<a href="Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Onsager</a>&nbsp;|
1969:&nbsp;<a href="Derek_H._R._Barton" title="Derek H. R. Barton">Barton</a>, <a href="Odd_Hassel" title="Odd Hassel">Hassel</a>&nbsp;|
1970:&nbsp;<a href="Luis_Federico_Leloir" title="Luis Federico Leloir">Leloir</a>&nbsp;|
1971:&nbsp;<a href="Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg">Herzberg</a>&nbsp;|
1972:&nbsp;<a href="Christian_B._Anfinsen" title="Christian B. Anfinsen">Anfinsen</a>, <a href="Stanford_Moore" title="Stanford Moore">Moore</a>, <a href="William_Howard_Stein" title="William Howard Stein">Stein</a>&nbsp;|
1973:&nbsp;<a href="Ernst_Otto_Fischer" title="Ernst Otto Fischer">E. O. Fischer</a>, <a href="Geoffrey_Wilkinson" title="Geoffrey Wilkinson">Wilkinson</a>&nbsp;|
1974:&nbsp;<a href="Paul_Flory" title="Paul Flory">Flory</a>&nbsp;|
1975:&nbsp;<a href="John_W._Cornforth" title="John W. Cornforth">Cornforth</a>, <a href="Vladimir_Prelog" title="Vladimir Prelog">Prelog</a>&nbsp;|
1976:&nbsp;<a href="William_Lipscomb" title="William Lipscomb">Lipscomb</a>&nbsp;|
1977:&nbsp;<a href="Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Prigogine</a>&nbsp;|
1978:&nbsp;<a href="Peter_D._Mitchell" title="Peter D. Mitchell">Mitchell</a>&nbsp;|
1979:&nbsp;<a href="Herbert_Charles_Brown" title="Herbert Charles Brown">Brown</a>, <a href="Georg_Wittig" title="Georg Wittig">Wittig</a>&nbsp;|
1980:&nbsp;<a href="Paul_Berg" title="Paul Berg">Berg</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gilbert</a>, <a href="Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Sanger</a>&nbsp;|
1981:&nbsp;<a href="Fukui_Ken%E2%80%99ichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukui Ken’ichi">Fukui</a>, <a href="Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a>&nbsp;|
1982:&nbsp;<a href="Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Klug</a>&nbsp;|
1983:&nbsp;<a href="Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Taube</a>&nbsp;|
1984:&nbsp;<a href="Robert_Bruce_Merrifield" title="Robert Bruce Merrifield">Merrifield</a>&nbsp;|
1985:&nbsp;<a href="Herbert_A._Hauptman" title="Herbert A. Hauptman">Hauptman</a>, <a href="Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle">Karle</a>&nbsp;|
1986:&nbsp;<a href="Dudley_R._Herschbach" title="Dudley R. Herschbach">Herschbach</a>, <a href="Yuan_T._Lee" title="Yuan T. Lee">Lee</a>, <a href="John_C._Polanyi" title="John C. Polanyi">Polanyi</a>&nbsp;|
1987:&nbsp;<a href="Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram">Cram</a>, <a href="Jean-Marie_Lehn" title="Jean-Marie Lehn">Lehn</a>, <a href="Charles_Pedersen" title="Charles Pedersen">Pedersen</a>&nbsp;|
1988:&nbsp;<a href="Johann_Deisenhofer" title="Johann Deisenhofer">Deisenhofer</a>, <a href="Robert_Huber" title="Robert Huber">Huber</a>, <a href="Hartmut_Michel" title="Hartmut Michel">Michel</a>&nbsp;|
1989:&nbsp;<a href="Sidney_Altman" title="Sidney Altman">Altman</a>, <a href="Thomas_R._Cech" title="Thomas R. Cech">Cech</a>&nbsp;|
1990:&nbsp;<a href="Elias_James_Corey" title="Elias James Corey">Corey</a>&nbsp;|
1991:&nbsp;<a href="Richard_R._Ernst" title="Richard R. Ernst">Ernst</a>&nbsp;|
1992:&nbsp;<a href="Rudolph_Arthur_Marcus" title="Rudolph Arthur Marcus">Marcus</a>&nbsp;|
1993:&nbsp;<a href="Kary_Mullis" title="Kary Mullis">Mullis</a>, <a href="Michael_Smith_(Chemiker)" title="Michael Smith (Chemiker)">Smith</a>&nbsp;|
1994:&nbsp;<a href="George_A._Olah" title="George A. Olah">Olah</a>&nbsp;|
1995:&nbsp;<a href="Paul_J._Crutzen" title="Paul J. Crutzen">Crutzen</a>, <a href="Mario_J._Molina" title="Mario J. Molina">Molina</a>, <a href="Frank_Sherwood_Rowland" title="Frank Sherwood Rowland">Rowland</a>&nbsp;|
1996:&nbsp;<a href="Robert_F._Curl" title="Robert F. Curl">Curl</a>, <a href="Harold_Kroto" title="Harold Kroto">Kroto</a>, <a href="Richard_E._Smalley" title="Richard E. Smalley">Smalley</a>&nbsp;|
1997:&nbsp;<a href="Paul_Delos_Boyer" title="Paul Delos Boyer">Boyer</a>, <a href="John_E._Walker" title="John E. Walker">Walker</a>, <a href="Jens_Christian_Skou" title="Jens Christian Skou">Skou</a>&nbsp;|
1998:&nbsp;<a href="Walter_Kohn" title="Walter Kohn">Kohn</a>, <a href="John_Anthony_Pople" title="John Anthony Pople">Pople</a>&nbsp;|
1999:&nbsp;<a href="Ahmed_Zewail" title="Ahmed Zewail">Zewail</a>&nbsp;|
2000:&nbsp;<a href="Alan_J._Heeger" title="Alan J. Heeger">Heeger</a>, <a href="Alan_MacDiarmid" title="Alan MacDiarmid">MacDiarmid</a>, <a href="Hideki_Shirakawa" title="Hideki Shirakawa">Shirakawa</a>&nbsp;|
2001:&nbsp;<a href="William_S._Knowles" title="William S. Knowles">Knowles</a>, <a href="Ry%C5%8Dji_Noyori" title="Ryōji Noyori">Noyori</a>, <a href="Barry_Sharpless" title="Barry Sharpless">Sharpless</a>&nbsp;|
2002:&nbsp;<a href="John_B._Fenn" title="John B. Fenn">Fenn</a>, <a href="K%C5%8Dichi_Tanaka" title="Kōichi Tanaka">Tanaka</a>, <a href="Kurt_W%C3%BCthrich" title="Kurt Wüthrich">Wüthrich</a>&nbsp;|
2003:&nbsp;<a href="Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre">Agre</a>, <a href="Roderick_MacKinnon" title="Roderick MacKinnon">MacKinnon</a>&nbsp;|
2004:&nbsp;<a href="Aaron_Ciechanover" title="Aaron Ciechanover">Ciechanover</a>, <a href="Avram_Hershko" title="Avram Hershko">Hershko</a>, <a href="Irwin_Rose" title="Irwin Rose">Rose</a>&nbsp;|
2005:&nbsp;<a href="Yves_Chauvin" title="Yves Chauvin">Chauvin</a>, <a href="Robert_Grubbs" title="Robert Grubbs">Grubbs</a>, <a href="Richard_R._Schrock" title="Richard R. Schrock">Schrock</a>&nbsp;|
2006:&nbsp;<a href="Roger_D._Kornberg" title="Roger D. Kornberg">Kornberg</a>&nbsp;|
2007:&nbsp;<a href="Gerhard_Ertl" title="Gerhard Ertl">Ertl</a>&nbsp;|
2008:&nbsp;<a href="Osamu_Shimomura" title="Osamu Shimomura">Shimomura</a>, <a href="Martin_Chalfie" title="Martin Chalfie">Chalfie</a>, <a href="Roger_Tsien" title="Roger Tsien">Tsien</a>&nbsp;|
2009:&nbsp;<a href="Venkatraman_Ramakrishnan" title="Venkatraman Ramakrishnan">Ramakrishnan</a>, <a href="Thomas_A._Steitz" title="Thomas A. Steitz">Steitz</a>, <a href="Ada_Yonath" title="Ada Yonath">Yonath</a>&nbsp;|
2010:&nbsp;<a href="Richard_F._Heck" title="Richard F. Heck">Heck</a>, <a href="Ei-ichi_Negishi" title="Ei-ichi Negishi">Negishi</a>, <a href="Akira_Suzuki" title="Akira Suzuki">Suzuki</a>&nbsp;|
2011:&nbsp;<a href="Dan_Shechtman" title="Dan Shechtman">Shechtman</a>&nbsp;|
2012:&nbsp;<a href="Robert_Lefkowitz" title="Robert Lefkowitz">Lefkowitz</a>, <a href="Brian_Kobilka" title="Brian Kobilka">Kobilka</a>&nbsp;|
2013:&nbsp;<a href="Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus">Karplus</a>, <a href="Michael_Levitt" title="Michael Levitt">Levitt</a>, <a href="Arieh_Warshel" title="Arieh Warshel">Warshel</a>&nbsp;|
2014:&nbsp;<a href="Eric_Betzig" title="Eric Betzig">Betzig</a>, <a href="Stefan_Hell" title="Stefan Hell">Hell</a>, <a href="William_Moerner" title="William Moerner">Moerner</a>&nbsp;|
2015:&nbsp;<a href="Tomas_Lindahl" title="Tomas Lindahl">Lindahl</a>, <a href="Paul_Modrich" title="Paul Modrich">Modrich</a>, <a href="Aziz_Sancar" title="Aziz Sancar">Sancar</a>&nbsp;|
2016:&nbsp;<a href="Jean-Pierre_Sauvage" title="Jean-Pierre Sauvage">Sauvage</a>, <a href="Fraser_Stoddart" title="Fraser Stoddart">Stoddart</a>, <a href="Ben_Feringa" title="Ben Feringa">Feringa</a>&nbsp;|
2017:&nbsp;<a href="Jacques_Dubochet" title="Jacques Dubochet">Dubochet</a>, <a href="Joachim_Frank_(Biologe)" title="Joachim Frank (Biologe)">Frank</a>, <a href="Richard_Henderson" title="Richard Henderson">Henderson</a>&nbsp;|
2018:&nbsp;<a href="Frances_H._Arnold" title="Frances H. Arnold">Arnold</a>, <a href="George_P._Smith" title="George P. Smith">Smith</a>, <a href="Gregory_Winter" title="Gregory Winter">Winter</a>&nbsp;|
2019:&nbsp;<a href="John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">Goodenough</a>, <a href="M._Stanley_Whittingham" title="M. Stanley Whittingham">Whittingham</a>, <a href="Akira_Yoshino" title="Akira Yoshino">Yoshino</a>&nbsp;|
2020:&nbsp;<a href="Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Charpentier</a>, <a href="Jennifer_A._Doudna" title="Jennifer A. Doudna">Doudna</a>&nbsp;|
2021:&nbsp;<a href="Benjamin_List" title="Benjamin List">List</a>, <a href="David_MacMillan_(Chemiker)" title="David MacMillan (Chemiker)">MacMillan</a>&nbsp;|
2022:&nbsp;<a href="Carolyn_Bertozzi" title="Carolyn Bertozzi">Bertozzi</a>, <a href="Morten_P._Meldal" title="Morten P. Meldal">Meldal</a>, <a href="Barry_Sharpless" title="Barry Sharpless">Sharpless</a>&nbsp;|
2023:&nbsp;<a href="Moungi_Bawendi" title="Moungi Bawendi">Bawendi</a>, <a href="Louis_Brus" title="Louis Brus">Brus</a>, <a href="Alexei_Iwanowitsch_Jekimow" title="Alexei Iwanowitsch Jekimow">Jekimow</a>&nbsp;|
2024:&nbsp;<a href="David_Baker_(Biochemiker)" title="David Baker (Biochemiker)">Baker</a>, <a href="Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Hassabis</a>, <a href="John_M._Jumper" title="John M. Jumper">Jumper</a>&nbsp;|
2025:&nbsp;<a href="Susumu_Kitagawa" title="Susumu Kitagawa">Kitagawa</a>, <a href="Richard_Robson_(Chemiker)" title="Richard Robson (Chemiker)">Robson</a>, <a href="Omar_Yaghi" title="Omar Yaghi">Yaghi</a>
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Normdaten&nbsp;(Person): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1219889121">1219889121</a></span> | <a href="Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2009147269">no2009147269</a></span> | <a href="Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100796855/">100796855</a></span> | </div>
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